Sénèque
(environ 4 f.Kr. – 65 e.Kr.)

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### **Seneca (c. 4 BC – 65 AD) – The Stoic in Politics**
Seneca was one of the most complex and fascinating thinkers of antiquity. He combined deep philosophical insights with a turbulent career in Rome's political elite. As an advisor to Emperor Nero, he stood in a tense position between Stoic idealism and political realism. His life and works show how philosophy can be both a guide to dealing with life's challenges and a critical tool for navigating a world characterized by power and corruption.

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### **Life and work: Philosopher in the courtyard of power**
Seneca's life was marked by contradictions:
- **First exile (41–49 AD):** Claudius exiled him to Corsica after accusations of adultery (probably politically motivated). Here he wrote some of his most reflective texts.
- **Nero's advisor (54–62 AD):** As the emperor's teacher and minister, he attempted to moderate Nero's tyrannical tendencies. He wrote speeches for him and ruled the empire de facto in its early years.
- **Fall and forced suicide (65 AD):** After Nero became paranoid, Seneca was accused of conspiracy and forced to take his own life – a death he met with stoic dignity, according to Tacitus.

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### **Seneca's Stoic Ethics: Practical Wisdom**
Seneca's philosophy was less theoretical than that of Marcus Aurelius or Epictetus, but more directed towards everyday life. He focused on how to preserve morality and inner freedom in a world of temptations and dangers.

#### **1. Virtue (virtus) as the only good**
- True happiness lies in living in accordance with nature (reason).
- External goods (wealth, power, health) are “indifferent” (adiaphora) – they are neither good nor evil in themselves, but depend on how we use them.

#### **2. Suffering and Adversity**
- Suffering is a part of life, but not an evil. In *De Providentia* he writes: “What seems like punishment is really trials from God.”
- Accepting fate (*amor fati*) brings peace.

#### **3. Self-Reflection and Time**
- In *Letters to Lucilius* he emphasizes the importance of daily self-examination:
- “What bad habits have I overcome today?”
- “Whom have I helped?”
- He warns against wasting time: “Life is long enough, if you use it well.” (*De Brevitate Vitae*).

#### **4. The relationship between power and wealth**
- Although Seneca himself was one of Rome's richest men, he criticized empty luxury:
- "It is not he who has too little, but he who wants more, who is poor."
- In *De Vita Beata* he defends that a philosopher can be rich, as long as he is not bound by wealth.

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### **Seneca's dilemma: Philosopher or politician?**
Seneca's role at Nero's court has been controversial:
- **Defenders** see him as a Stoic who tried to limit Nero's atrocities.
- **Critics** (such as Tacitus) claim he was hypocritical – he condemned tyranny, but accepted Nero's murder of his mother Agrippina.

His own description of the role of philosophy in politics was ambivalent:
> "He who meddles in politics makes himself the servant of the rulers; he who stays away makes himself the servant of egoism."

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### **The Legacy of Seneca**
Seneca's influence is far-reaching:
- **Christianity:** His ideas on grace and humanity influenced church fathers such as Augustine.
- **Renaissance:** Erasmus and Calvin admired his style and ethics.
- **Modern psychology:** Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) draws on his techniques for mastering negative thoughts.

His life shows that even in a corrupt world, philosophy can be a compass—not for escaping reality, but for dealing with it with clarity.

*"The length of life depends not on the will of spirits, but on your own."*
– Seneca, *De Brevitate Vitae*